Here is the socials study review (or what I've done so far). This is from what we learned from socials 10, or was supposed to learn. It is based on Mr. Bont's final exam review sheet, our notes and the textbook.
Chapter 1 has the first part based on Mr. Bont's review, the second part just a full review of the chapter.
Chapter 2 took forever.
Chapter 3 was interesting...we did it so long ago
Chapter 4 done XD
Chapter 5 hmm...interesting?
Chapter 6 is weird...and I still barely know it
Chapter 7 fiannly done!!!
Chapter 8 and 9 were annoying.
Chapter 1
Loyalists: people loyal to Britain
BNA: British North America
Seigneurial System: French/New France
: social classes leveled in the need to survive, except for Family Compact, thought themselves as British rather then Canadians
Lower Canada: north of Upper Canada , present day Quebec
: Seigneurial system, English were on top even with French majority
Great Migration: wave of immigrants into Upper and Lower Canada after war of 1812
: came from Great Britain , USA
Coffin Ships: death ship where people traveled in steerage on their passage to Canada
Family Compact: upper class in Upper Canada (private group that even excluded aristocrats from Britain
Chateaux Clique: upper class in Lower Canada
Land Speculators: bought and sold land at a risk to make a profit (bought up most of the good land in Upper and Lower Canada )
Republicans: democratic, without a monarch as head of state (like America
Veto: to stop with authority
Nationalism: pride in one’s own country
Patriote: radicals who fought in Lower Canada who wanted democracy led by Papineau
Fils de la Liberte: “Sons of Liberty
Rebellion in Lower Canada : Led by Louis-Joseph Papineau, Papineau was to be arrested, he fled, few battles, Patriotes lost because church didn’t support them
Rebellion in Upper Canada : Led by William Lyon Mackenzie, battle at Montgomery
William Lyon Mackenzie: led the rebellion in Upper Canada
Sir Francis Bond Head: governor during the rebellion of 1837, provoked rebellion through sympathies with Family Compact and being hard on everyone else
Louis-Joseph Papineau: led the rebellion in Lower Canada, escaped to Montreal then USA
Lord Durham: John Lambton, governor in 1838 in response to rebellions, didn’t blend with Family Compact/Chateaux Clique but independent power, patched up relations with USA (froze rebel support), lenient with rebels, prejudiced against French
Act of Union: 1840, Upper Canada and Lower Canada became one colony (capital Montreal
- present day eastern and southern Ontario
- main roads: Yonge and Dundas
- life: clearing land for farms, visiting neighbors (cities are extremely far), weddings, barn raisings, etc…
- barter economy vs. money economy: they bartered food and services
- social class: the work needed to be done and leveled the social classes, hard to find honest and hardworking people as opposed to in Britain
- land problems: land speculators, clergy and crown reserves, based on Britain
Great Migration:
- after the war of 1812, many immigrants from USA , Britain and some European countries went to Canada
- rich people traveled on sailing ships above deck, poor in steerage (coffin ships)
- multicultural: Irish (Potatoe Famine), Scots (Highland Clearances), Natives, Black (from slavery, Africa )
- Underground Railroad (path of anti-slavery homes to Canada
- Women usually based their lives on their husbands, spinsters (not married) had to rely on church and relatives for their living, childbirth (for children to help with chores) was hazardous
Government Reform and Rebellions:
- Colonial Government (oligarchy; rule by the few) vs. Democratic Government (responsible and representative)
- Set up: people voted for legislative assembly, executive and legislative councils appointed, governor at top (appointed), councils could veto anything from legislative assembly; limited democracy
- 1849: people voted legislative assembly, appointed from it is the executive council, legislative cannot make laws, governor still at top
- Voting: English males with property, open voting (shouting, bribing, bullying)
- List of Grievances: wrote up by Robert Gourlay (scot land agent) about what the farmers thought about the government and got arrested, Mackenzie replaced him
- Mackenzie, leader of Upper Canada
- Sir Francis Bond Head was with the Family Compact, was hard on others, provoked the rebellion
- Rebellion: led by Mackenzie (no military experience), battle of Montgomery
- before: French Seigneurial system (lords, serfs, etc), French majority, social status: English then French then Natives
- problems: discrimination against the French, unequal taxation, lack of power within the government (wanted American style type government)
- Papineau submitted “92 resolutions” to governor for change in government John Russell, in Britain
- Rebellion: patriotes (led by Fils de la Liberte, Papineau) lost (no support from the church)
- Punishment: banishment to Australia
- Lord Durham became governor in 1838 in response to the rebellions, didn’t blend with Upper Class but was an independent power from Britain, pardoned the rebels, patched relations with USA (froze support there for rebels) and was not liked so went home
- Durham
Act of Union of 1840 made Upper and Lower Canada into one with Chapter 2
Natives:
- stuck on reserves (made by treaties), only talked to when people wanted their land or “Indian” laborers
- land claims were a problem (gov’t wanted their land)
- Natives were poor and unable to keep their living, English tried to assimilate the Indians (make the Natives to forget their own culture for English culture)
Victorians:
- fashioned their life after Queen Victoria
- Christian with high regard for personal modesty, pride in being British, strict moral code, obsession with social status, very materialistic
- Demonstrative about their wealth (fancy houses with fancy furniture and decorations, even poor people tired to do so)
Science and Medicine:
- discoveries: aspirin, antibiotics, antiseptics, x-rays, vitamins and hormones, vaccines were more widely used
- germs (“animalcules”) were first discovered
- major diseases: cholera, smallpox, typhoid fever, influenza and tuberculosis
- not much was known about hygiene/bacteria; surgery & childbirth were extremely hazardous
- Louis Pasteur (French scientist) discovered bacilli (cause of many diseases), cause of anthrax, rabies and cholera, used carbolic acid (coal tar used as a disinfectant), vaccinated people
Leisure and Travel:
- entertainment: books, magazines, parties, circuses, weddings, boxing, medicine shows
- steam engine: steamboats (first one Royal William), steam trains caused travel to be much faster and vacations/leisure travel to be much more popular
- newspapers: rise of dailies (published every day), more people could read, no sports, comics but “helpful hints” and news (usually about their neighbors with no respect for privacy)
Confederation:
- federation: a union in which federal gov’t keep certain powers themselves; central gov’t has the rest
- Advantages: making a country from east to west, protection against USA
- Disadvantages: maritime colonies had nothing similar with the Canadas
- Responsible gov’t: gov’t responsible to the people; people weren’t sure if Canada
Mercantilism:
- colonies provide raw materials for mother country who processes it and sells it back to the colony (colonialism: mother country taking over land and establishing colonies)
- corn laws (protected Canada ’s agriculture, exclusive trading right with Britain and low taxes) were repealed by Britain
- Britain
- Canada
o With Canada as its own country, Britain wouldn’t have to deal with governing, defending and financially supporting Canada
o Canada would govern herself with responsible gov’t, be Britain
Rebellion Losses Bill:
- passed in 1849, it gave compensation to anyone who had lost property during the rebellion (including the rebels)
- anti-rebel people, Lord Elgin (governor, didn’t have a choice cause of responsible gov’t) were outraged; treason was being rewarded
- responsible gov’t made it happen, riots, burning of parliament buildings, (though this bill set the place for democracy in Canada
- sparked the Manifesto Destiny (Annexation Manifesto) which had USA take over Canada
Government:
- under Act of Union, Canada East and West both had their own governments that had to work together: people vote Legislative Assembly, then the Executive Council is responsible to them and the governor is on top of them and the Legislative Council
- modern parties worked together (voted together) and had a “whip” (person who made sure everyone voted the same for the bill) vs. “loose fish” or independent members who voted whatever they wanted (no real power)
- coalitions (kinda like alliances) between minority parties can give them the majority, bad side they have to compromise
Parti Rouge : led by Papineau, attracted French-speaking farmers and business people opposed to English interests, wanted American style gov’t and hated Act of Union (radical French)
Parti Bleu : led by George – Etienne Cartier, wide support (French people, Catholic Church) would deal with Canada West, focus on Canada East economy and protection of French-Canadian rights (less radical French)
Clear Grits : led by George Brown, defended English-Canadian interests, dislike French and Catholics, supported democracy (ex. rep by pop: representatives in gov’t depend on number of people in region, disliked by French minority), (radical English)
Tories : led by J.A. MacDonald, less democratic then Brown, made a coalition with Parti Bleu (less radical English)
- “double majority” there had to be a majority in both sections of the gov’t rather then just one overall majority: French-English, Catholic-Protestant rifts became bigger and gov’t had difficultly doing anything
- MacDonald wanted strong central government, others wanted strong provincial governments
- Maritime provinces : Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland thought themselves as independent colonies and wanted a good reason to join (had responsible gov’t and independent trading relations with Britain and USA
o Threats to their economy: Britain repealed Corn Laws, USA
- PEI and Newfoundland
Fenian Raids
- Fenians were an Irish society
- Britain angered them through occupying their land and “causing” the Potatoe Famine, they retaliated by attacking Canada
- Used to be soldiers, May 1866, they captured Fort Erie but left due to lack of reinforcements, 1866, crossed into Quebec for 2 days, unsuccessful raid at New Brunswick
- Raids convinced Canada US threat was real
Conferences:
- crisis: economy was failing, north was winning the Civil War, Canadas
- “Great Coalition” George Brown, John A. MacDonald, George-Etienne Cartier, goal to save the government then unite the colonies
- discussions within colonies took place after Quebec Conference, Dorion of Quebec and Joseph Howe of Nova Scotia
- all delegates were men though could be accompanied by their families
- Maritime colonies planned to discuss maritime union, Great Coalition presented there and were extremely convincing (met again at Quebec ) (New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , PEI all liked it, Newfoundland didn’t really but went to Quebec
- agreed to strong provincial government and 72 resolutions; blueprint of Confederation
- asked Britain for permission to become a country (Canada , Nova Scotia , New Brunswick
- BNA Act was passed; recognized the monarch as the supreme ruler, based on the 72 resolutions, constitution (laws of what the gov’t controls and the rights of people) of the new Dominion of Canada (full of compromises)
- Provincial: local workings, ex. provincial debt, taxes, laws, building, maintenance
- National: country workings, ex. national debt, taxes, laws, postal service, currency
Chapter 3
Geography: study of the earth (topography, climate, ecosystems, etc.) & why and how humans affect it
5 organizing principles:
Places have a location
Places have physical and cultural characteristics
Places change
Places interact with other places
Places are in regions
Location: latitude, longitude, reference to another point
Physical Characteristics: landforms, bodies of water, soil and mineral deposits (mountains)
Cultural Characteristics: affects of humans on environment (ex. clearing of areas, buildings, bark was used by Natives, didn’t cause much effect as it was renewable)
Changes: human changes, natural changes
Interaction: trade, communication
Regions: natural regions, economic regions, political/government regions
Longitude: meridians; go in a north-south direction, 0 to 180 degrees (180 is the International Dateline, 0 the Prime/Greenwich Meridian)
Latitude: parallels; run in a east-west direction, 0 to 90 degrees (0 is the equator, 90 the poles)
Physical Regions:
: first was igneous rock from volcanoes then metamorphic rock (vast stores of minerals, copper, gold, lead and nickel)
Interior Plains: used to be tropical climate, flooding and plants and animals were brought in
: sedimentary rock from the Canadian Shield erosion (vast stores of fossil fuels)
Igneous rock: rock formed by solidification of molten material
Metamorphic rock: rock changed from its original form to another through heat and pressure
Sedimentary rock: rock made up of sediment laid in layers, grown together
Climate:
Continental Climate: continent’s interior, extreme temperatures, low precipitation
Maritime Climate: coastal climate, usually refers to the West Coast, moderate temperatures, nigh precipitation
Factors affecting Temperature:
Latitude: closer to equator, the more moderate, farther, the more extreme temps
Altitude: the higher up, the colder it is
Distance from the sea: bodies of water regulate temp, farther from one, more extreme temps
Wind Direction: wind from sea moderate temp, wind from land make it more extreme (prevailing winds in BC usually northerlies or westerlies)
Ocean Currents: warm currents heat up air above it and enables it to hold more water, cold currents cool the air and less water is held
Precipitation: amount of rain is determined by distance from sea and prevailing winds (three kinds: orographic, convectional and frontal)
Orographic: mountain rain; warm air rises, cools, forms clouds, falls as rain, air descends on other side of the mountain with no moisture (more in winter)
Convectional: thunderstorms usually in prairies, Canadian shield; warm air rises, cools, forms clouds, falls (more in hot months)
Frontal: fierce ones are cyclonic storms; cold front (from north) meets warm front (from south), warm air rises, clouds form and rain falls (more in winter)
Leeward side: side of the mountain where the air descends and warms up
Windward side: side of the mountain where the air rises and cools (orographic rain)
Rain-shadow side: the area where there is not much rain (leeward side)
Climographs
Blue blocks: average precipitation per month (January to December)
Red line: average temperature
Growing season: line drawn at 5/6 degrees showing time of year in which vegetation will grow
Biomes:
Boreal Forest :
o Mostly coniferous trees (needle leaf evergreen trees; spruce, fir and pine) can survive the cold and unpredictable rain
o soil which is acidic from leaching and not very fertile
o Deer, moose, black bear, wolves and many fur-bearing animals live here
o Transitional area between prairie grasslands and boreal forests
o Long grass, few trees, fertile soil, sufficient precipitation
Prairie:
o “grasslands” dry to moist, no trees but grasses, fertile soil
o Ground squirrels, gophers, hawks, owls, deer
o Overfarming: soil erosion, too much use of pesticides and insecticides
o Meadows, plateaus, mountains
o Vegetation, pine forests, sub-alpine forests, tundra areas (dwarf shrubs, lichens, grasses)
Coastal Forest :
o Coniferous rain forests (Douglas first, red cedars, hemlock trees), same animals as boreal
Boom and Bust:
- town grows as resource in town is developed and then exhausted
- ex. single-resource towns rely on one resource, town grows as resource is extracted and dies and resource runs out
Boundaries:
- natural boundaries: natural landforms and regions (ex. mountains)
- artificial boundaries: drawn by men, economic, political, etc.
Red River Settlement (aka. Assiniboia)(HBC vs. NWC)
Red River Settlement (1821-1870)
Red River Rebellion (1869)
Chapter 4
HBC and NWC
HBC
- founded in 1670 by King Charles II after Pierre Radisson and Medart de Groseilllier came back from Rupert’s Land (named so after Charles’ cousin, Prince Rupert , Hudson
- stay–by–the–bay policy (based by Hudson
- made beaver: one beaver pelt, currency on how HBC traded; they were strict, no alcohol or firearms and non changeable prices
- hierarchy: shareholders in Britain
- all are salaried employees except the shareholders
- goods have to be shipped in & out Hudson
- York
NWC
- founded in 1783 when New France fell with the French fur trade and English merchants took over
- inland posts that forced HBC to do the same (based at Fort William and Montreal
- bickered over prices and traded alcohol and firearms
- hivernants/winterers: stayed in the west during the winter (traded/stayed with the Natives at the villages), voyageurs: hired to paddle and carry cargo
- Montreal partners bought & sold stuff from England
- Good have to be shipped in & out Fort William
- Canots de maitre (bigger canoe for trip from Fort William to Montreal
- portage: to carry from one body of water to another
Natives
- Cree, Ojibwa, Assiniboin, Chipewyan
- Worked in the fur trade as trappers, traders, guides or middlemen
- Land of the tribes moved as they moved for the fur trade
- Disrupted their way of life, especially as demand grew their lifestyle of the annual gathering, fishing, hunting, etc changed to year round trapping
- Worked to support their families (could abandon a trader anywhere and not feel guilty and yet save a trader who stole from them)
- Smallpox and measles were brought by traders and almost killed all of them
Métis
- from NWC French traders and Native women (“Metis” meaning mixed, used to be called “bois brule” meaning burnt wood)
- trader wives enjoyed lives that were slightly easier then others, traders enjoyed a more exclusive, loyal trading relationship
- HBC tried to enforce celibacy; didn’t work, mixed scot & natives/British & natives liked to be called “country-born”
- Spoke French or Algonkian or both, Roman Catholic
- Built farms along the seigneurial pattern (strip farming) and had an annual bison hunt in their Red River Carts (2 wheeled wooden carts; no nails just wood; that was extremely noisy and dusty)
Bison Hunt
- strict rules (follow the captain of the hunt) to preserve order (it was extremely dangerous because of the bison stampeding and their horns)
- entire community goes in Red River charts and saddle horses, changed to bison runners when they hunt the bison (they could be controlled using their knees, fast and responsive)
- used muzzle loaders (guns that were loaded through the muzzle)
- Metis on the hunt “the Wagonmen” and the carts “the Northwest Fiddle”
- Lord Selkirk (Thomas Douglas) was a philanthropist and convinced HBC (who he was part of) to give him some of the land (Selkirk’s Grant)
- It became the Red River settlement for the crofters (Scottish tenant farmers) who were displaced in the Highland Clearances
- Problems: the Metis were already living there, the climate was harsher then the scots were used to, it was right in the way of the NWC trading route
- First group 1812: 36 led by Macdonell supposed to ready the land for the 120 colonists coming later, arrived late and all had to winter at Fort Pembina
- Spring of 1813: crops failed and had to winter at Fort Pembina
- 1814: another 83 colonists join, crops survived but Macdonell issued the Pemmican Proclamation (no sale or export of pemmican out of the Red River area) to ensure food for the colonists; angered the Metis who were there because they lost a big part of their income, NWC lost food
- NWC & Metis retaliated; harassed the colonists; burned buildings, trampled crops, firing rifles at night, convinced some colonists to leave, arrested Macdonell (brought to Fort William
- Colin Robertson: governor of colonists, patched up relations with Metis and NWC, PEACE
- Robert SEMPLE: governor of colonists, brought 84 new colonists, attacked and burned empty NWC Fort Gibraltar (convinced Metis that the settlers were going to declare war)
- May 1816 Cuthbert Grant (Metis leader) raided HBC boats on Assiniboine River
- “Battle of Seven Oaks” Semple and Grant face off, Metis had split up front and back which Semple didn’t notice thinking they were dumb, Semple and 20 of his men died with 1 Metis
- Colony destroyed again, Selkirk came along mad with 95 Swiss mercenaries, took military control of the area and fixed things up (treaties with Natives), left, came back to face charges of what his employees did, battled the NWC for 3 years, died soon after in 1820
Merger of HBC and NWC
- financially both companies were struggling: court battle over Red River , failing fur trade
- 1812: merged (given more land and monopoly), became HBC with 100 shares, HBC had 45 & NWC had 55 but HBC held to their practices (Hudson Bay , etc), ended up with all shares
- Reduced workforce (Natives and Metis helped out)
- George Simpson: “Little Emperor” (small statue and autocratic manner) in charge of all of North America for HBC, didn’t know fur trade but management, didn’t sit at the desk but went and traveled to each post and grilled them (1821-1829)
- 40 year old man went to Red River colony in 1830 with 18 year old wife, Frances, Simpson sent away his previous wife (Metis) and children away first, the two lived there with a racism against the Metis, they were socially isolated, Simpson became extremely bitter and the two returned to England and later Montreal where they found life more suited to them
- peace came to the settlement, a small self sufficient town feeling with Metis, country-born and European settlers equal then later 80% mixed descent
- built around the needs of HBC, Metis (pemmican), Scots (farmers), country-born (white collar jobs)
- 1849: 4 Metis were charged with illegal fur trading (breaking HBC’s monopoly) jury declared guilty but were given mercy (no sentence), HBC hoped it made its case but Metis took it as open fur trading
- Women worked hard in the field and at home (harder then their husbands)
- 1860s: English settlers were looking for better land then the crowded Upper Canada
- Many settlers were of the Orange Order (founded by Schultz, anti-Catholic and French, aka Metis), increased tension in the area because of their hatred (they also looked down on bicultural heritage)
- John Christian Schultz: never finished becoming a doctor, took over NorWester to publish his anti-Metis ideas, started the Canadian Party (who he wanted to take control of the settlement)
- Other problems: crop failures, bison were disappearing, HBC was losing interest in the area, Metis had no legal claim to the land they lived on for so long
- Canada bought Rupert’s Land in November 1869 from HBC with no concern for the people living there and their feelings, HBC didn’t want to take care of the area anymore, Canada
- Louis Riel (Metis) fluent in French/English, excellent orator, leader of Metis
- Land speculators and land surveyors (who ignored the strip farms and people already living there) sparked the rebellion
- Metis National Committee made by Riel was to fight for their land, drove away Governor McDougall
- Riel set up a provisional government (temporary gov’t) to maintain order and wrote up the Metis List of Rights (complaints and needs of Metis)
- Early December, with fear of the Canadian Party attacking, he attacked Schultz’s home and captured all of them
- Riel wanted to negotiate with MacDonald who wouldn’t recognize Riel as a leader, Riel still drew up the draft of the proposal of creation of Manitoba
- Thomas Scott (part of the Canadian Party) was extremely prejudiced, spoke loudly of his views, threatened the lives the his guards and Riel and was shot to death
- Schultz went to Ottawa
- As a result, the delegates who wanted to make Manitoba weren’t heard until much later, where the gov’t agreed to the terms and Manitoba
- MacDonald then sent Colonel Wolseley and military to Red River to see settlement become province and to arrest Riel (he fled beforehand to the Sates and instead banished from Canada
Chapter 5
- Manitoba Act 1870: French and English official languages, Protestant and Roman Catholic education systems, 1.4 million acres of land reserved for Métis
- Troops in Manitoba
- Land scrip (160 acres of land) and money scrip ($160) had to be used, Métis didn’t understand as their culture had nothing to do with money or deeds and land speculators bought most of it at low prices (gov’t also threatened the Métis with prison if they didn’t sell)
- Many Métis left for the Northwest (north and south Saskatchewan Rivers)
Métis in the Northwest
- recreated life in the Red River settlement, strip farming, bison hunt, hauling freight (HBC)
- early 1870s bison started to disappear, settlement could only occur with the big animals gone
- December 1873: Laws of St. Laurent
- Chief Factor Clarke: thought Métis as inferior; used his position to lower their standard of living (temporary contracts, paid minimum through goods not money), magistrate who threatened anyone with prison if they didn’t cooperate
- 1874-1875: winter was difficult with the disappear of bison, spring of 1875, a group of Métis started bison hunting before the official hunt, Gabriel Dumont (Métis president) went after them, arrested, fined them according to the laws of the St. Laurent
- The Métis appealed to Factor Clarke for harassment who issued the warrants for Dumont and the people with him, the Canadian gov’t agreed what Clarke did was wrong but let him do it anyways, Dumont was arrested and had minor fines but it ended the authority the Métis had over themselves (cannot enforce Laws of St. Laurent), the bison were hunted in a new frenzy
Natives in the Northwest
- American traders traded the Natives alcohol for fur which resulted in widespread alcoholism (resulted in malnutrition, disease and death) within the Natives in the Northwest
- Canadian gov’t wanted to regain control; the NWMP (Northwest Mounted Police) were created in 1873 tasked with driving out whiskey traders & regaining control in the Northwest
- 1874: Cyprus Hills Massacre: a group of Assiniboin were attacked by a party of whiskey traders at Cyprus Hills, 30 Assiniboin were killed, as a result, 300 NWMP were sent to the area where they were welcomed in hope for a relief from the lawlessness
Treaties
- promised 160 acres of land for each family of 5, farming equipment, supplies and instruction
- purpose was to put Natives away in little areas so settlers can come and take over the land, Natives agreed because their way of life (bison) was disappearing
o Treaty 1&2: Chippewa and Cree, Southern Manitoba , 1871
o Treaty 3: Salteaux & Ojibway, Western Ontario , 1871
o Treaty 4: Cree, Salteaux, Southern Saskatchewan , 1874
o Treaty 5: Salteux, Swampy Cree, Northern Manitoba , 1875
o Treaty 6: Plain & Wood Cree, Central Alberta & Saskatchewan
o Treaty 7: Blackfeet, Southern Alberta , 1877
- They didn’t get the promised equipment and instruction; the gov’t said it was “unnatural” for Natives to use farm machinery and didn’t want to Natives to sell any surplus they had
- Catholic missionaries helped translate and encourage the Natives to accept, they cared about the Natives but neither them nor the gov’t realized the cultural destruction they were causing
CPR and MacDonald
- railway had to be built quickly or Canada risked being assimilated by USA
- potential backers: Jay Cooke (Northern Pacific Railway), Sir Hugh Allan (made Canadian Pacific Railway), CPR Syndicate (George Stephen, Donald Smith, James J Hill)
- Pacific Scandal: John A. Macdonald seemed to be being paid off by Sir Hugh Allan (he paid Macdonald’s campaign in return for promise of CPR contract)
- Macdonald stepped down, Alexander Mackenzie became prime minister
- Mackenzie didn’t support CPR (too expensive, economy in a slump), survey continued, BC threatened to pull out
- Macdonald back w/National Policy (taxes on US goods, west settlement for farmers, CPR)
- CPR Syndicate: George Stephen, Donald Smith and James J Hill (they agreed to build the CPR in 10 years (started February 1, 1881) with the promise of $25 million, 25 million acres, monopoly on railway west of Lake Superior for 20 years)
- Changed route 300 miles south to have complete control of route, wasn’t sure how to get to BC until Rogers found a way through Selkirk mountains
- 1st year only 230 km of track laid, next year William Van Horne came, galvanized the CPR
- Money ran out, asked gov’t for more money, private funds of the CPR syndicate, cut corners (wooden trestles, wages)
- Working conditions terrible, dust, no injury compensation, diet boring and unhealthy, insects, overcrowding, leaky roofs
- CPR transports soldiers to Northwest in 5 days to put down the rebellion, giving them enough reason to get more money to finish (last spike: November 7, 1885)
Northwest Rebellion 1885
- problems: Métis wanted title to land, Canadian gov’t wanted to sell land (worth $71 million), Indian budget (CPR) was slashed & Natives never got farming equipment and were starving, Métis had to support them or they survived on gov’t handouts (bad Natives didn’t get food)
- 1884: delegate sent to get Riel from Montana
- Riel has peaceful intentions but gov’t takes his presence as a threat, wrote the Bill of Rights (like Deceleration of Independence
- Spring of 1885: gov’t was ready to call militia (if a rebellion could be put out with help of CPR, it could provide the money needed to finish the CPR)
- March 19, 1885: Riel tells the Métis that peace and negotiation was impossible, the gov’t was determined to make war on them
- Duck Lake
- April, Fish Creek: 1600 militia vs. Dumont and 60 Métis, held them off for a day, militia didn’t reach Batoche until May 9
- Batoche: 725 militia vs. 175 Métis, 3 days, Métis lost and Dumont escaped to the States and Riel was captured (May 15)
- Natives “pardoned” or given short prison term; gov’t saw them as kids gone astray by Riel
- Riel was put on trial, lawyers wanted him to plead insanity but he refused and instead stood and said his case that the Canadian gov’t was to blame, he was judged guilty but the judge and jury recommended clemency (mercy)
- Gov’t wanted Riel dead; he was hunt November 16, 1885
Chief Crowfoot
- leader of Blackfoot Nation and didn’t rebel with Riel
- pragmatist; understood time was changing and cooperated with CPR, awarded with compensation of lost land and lifelong passes on the CPR
NWT Act 1875: gave gov’t to Northwest Territories , promised Protest and Roman Catholic Schools
Indian Act 1876: Natives had to live on reserves and children had to go to residential schools
Chapter 6
- New Caledonia and Columbia
- Americans wanted to settle (Manifest Destiny), Canada
- 2 good locations for settlement: north of Columbia River (to Puget Sound) and south of Columbia River (along valley of Williamette River
- Simpson toured the forts & made changes: new post on north bank of the Columbia (Fort Vancouver under Factor John McLoughlin), ordered HBC to open up trade in Fraser Valley (expand trading with Natives since lot of furs there), 1827: Fort Langley along Fraser River
- McLoughlin: mane of white hair, smoldering eyes, patched clothes, didn’t bathe often, fair, encouraged Americans to stay on the south side of the Columbia, protected the north side (gave them supplies), managed the fur trade in the area effectively
- 1841: Simpson didn’t see growth and shut down all coast posts except Fort Simpson
- South of Columbia was being settled immensely, Simpson was worried that HBC would lose control (Fort Vancouver ’s area) and asked James Douglas (Factor of Fort Vancouver) to establish a post on the Island (Fort Victoria
- McLoughlin retired two years later, obtained a decent pension, known as “Father of Oregon”
Colony of Vancouver Island
- James Polk: “54°40’ or Fight!” slogan for 1844 election; meant that US claimed the Oregon Territory
- 1845: Polk negotiated with Britain for Oregon
- 1848: colony of Vancouver Island was made for a more official British presence in the area
- James Douglas the governor of Vancouver Island ; encouraged settlers to come; gov’t tried to recreate English class system (major landowner and many workers), reality in 1849 was settlers were ex-HBC employees
- 1856: Legislative Assembly made in response to complaints of the Island becoming a private club for landed gentry
- 1855: 774 settlers, 30 000 aboriginal people
- Douglas negotiated treaties: land goes to settlers, natives can still hunt and fish everywhere with a compensation of money each year
Cariboo Gold Rush
- Reality: had to stake a claim along a creek, sink a mine shaft down to bedrock, clay and sand would be brought up and cleaned to find gold
- 1857: gold found along banks of Thompson River
- 1857-58: greedy miners come to Thompson and Fraser Rivers
- 1st ship: Yosemite , 450 miners, April 25, 1858
- Influx of miners went to the mainland (were mostly American), Douglas was alarmed with all the Americans and Britain made 49 to 54 40 colony of BC with Douglas as governor
- Royal Engineers under Colonel Richard Moody: provided military and engineers in the area, helping build roads and towns (arrived in 1859)
- 1860-61: gold ran out around the Fraser/Thompson area, went up to the caribou area
- Cariboo road: supposed to make gold exit by Fraser river so could be taxed, also promoted settlement & economic development, started 1862 (650 km from Yale, along Fraser Valley
- 1864: Douglas retires, Fredrick Seymour (energetic and good) replaces him in BC, Arthur Kennedy (dictating and bad) on the Island
- 1862-1863: massive smallpox outbreak (Natives), spread by travel & selling of possessions
- Bakerville: dependent on gold mining, inflated prices on stuff until caribou road allowed large freight through, grew into a community with cafes, saloons, Chinese stores, school, died, tiny revival as the price of gold skyrocketed, died, lived again as a historical tourist site
Colony of British Columbia
- Colony of BC: debt of $1 000 000, Colony of the Island : debt of $300 000
- Both gov’t thought it better if the two joined (credit had run out and Britain
- August 6, 1866, Britain
BC and Confederation
- three groups: Confederation, anti-confederation, annexation by the US
- January 1868: mainland gov’t in favor of confederation made resolutions to pass to Canada suggesting it take care of their debt and the CPR if they were to join (it was defeated easily)
- Annexation by the US : trade was better, immigration will come from US, Canada
- Late 1868: election ended with representatives on the Island anti-confeds and on the mainland confederations
- 1869: Seymour died suddenly, Anthony Musgrave was his successor, a personal friend of Macdonald who was supposed to get BC to join Canada
- Only 125 out of 3000 people wanted annexation in Victoria
- Musgrave & anti-confeds worked together & drafted policy (terms of union) & presented it to Canada
- Early 1871, Legislative Assemble met to vote (received responsible gov’t w/confederation)
- Confederation won on July 20, 1871 (BC joined Canada
Railway Survey
- “Battle
- Final route: through Kicking Horse Pass (much more south) to Vancouver
- started covered in thick forest (which first discouraged settlement)
- early 1860s, it was as it always was; home to Musqueam and Squamish peoples
- 1865: sawmills, forestry, mills were growing (Sewell Moody opened a mill known as Moody’s Mill: area known as Moodyville)
- 1868: “Gassy Jack” Deighton opened a saloon (the settlement around was known as “Granville” or “Gastown” after its founder)
- 1881: Port Moody (after Colonel Moody) was designated as the end of CPR
- Land speculators moved in to cash in on the future metropolis
- 1884: Port Moody had tidal flats (shallow marsh) and couldn’t be used as the port, the end of the CPR got changed to an area with deep-water anchorage (Vancouver
- June 13, 1886: dry day, fire leveled the city in an hour, Vancouver
- Oppenheimers: 5 brothers David, Charles, Meyer, Isaac and Godfrey opened several stores, trading firm, David encouraged the building of the Cariboo road (transportation made it cheaper for him to sell stuff), David also bought a fire truck, bought much land in Vancouver, convinced Van Horne to have the CPR stop there by offering half of his land, became mayor, build more of Vancouver and was known as the “Father of Vancouver”
Chinese in BC
- workers, set up restaurants and stores in the gold mining towns, big part of the CPR building and was paid almost a dollar less/day then the white people
- racism: influx of Chinese were left because they couldn’t afford to go back home, Knights of Labour wanted Chinese out of Vancouver, physically and intimidated them, boycotted Chinese businesses
- Chinese took up some White peoples job but mostly just provided cheap labor
- White people didn’t want them there because they wanted a pure English culture which was impossible with the Chinese there; result in racism
- Gov’t also stopped part of Chinese immigration: head tax and limits on immigrants
Economic Diversity
- gold, silver, copper, other minerals, smelting
- agriculture (wheat, orchards)
- tourism along the CPR
Chapter 7
Laurier
- election of 1896 ended Conservative rule: Liberals won with Wilfrid Laurier as the first French-Canadian Prime Minister
- wanted to patch up relations between English and French (compromised many issues for French and English)
- Laurier won over crisis over French-language rights in the West (Manitoba
- Major debate about relation with British mother country (English were imperialists, loyal to Britain , French didn’t want a relation with Britain
South African War
- “Boer War” 1899; the British in South Africa
- British said it wanted to ensure equal rights for British subject in South Africa, the Boer saw it as an expansion of British land
- Britain asked for help from Canada
- French said no, it’s not our war; English said yes, let’s help; Laurier compromise, sent volunteer troops and supplied them, ended up sending 7200 volunteer and nearly $3million.
Naval Issue
- Germany ’s growing navy caused Britain to respond in like; it asked for support from Canada to build better and more ships, Canada itself didn’t have a navy as Britain
- French said they wanted own navy, could be lent to Britain if needed; English said give Britain what they want; Laurier created the Naval Service Act in 1910, gave Canada its own navy that could be provided to Britain in need, Britain would lend Canada two cruisers
- English hated “tin pot” navy (Robert Borden); French hated ties w/Britain (Henri Bourassa)
- By 1914, Canada
Reciprocity
- an exchange or sharing; free trade with the US
- 1911; reciprocity agreement with the US reduced taxes on goods going north-south which upset business people who worried over cheaper US goods coming to Canada, railway people who worried over trade changing from east-west to north-south
- Laurier lost in the 1911 election
- 1867: US bought Alaska from Russia ; no exact border and no one cared until 1898: discovery of gold in the Yukon
- 1903: Laurier agreed to a tribunal that would rule on the boundary; 6 judges. 3 from USA , 2 from Canada and 1 from Britain
- President of US made it clear that the US was to have the favorable vote; Britain was already in negotiating with US over the Venezuela & British Guyana (South America); Britain voted for the US proposed border; Canada
- Canada was angry over the lost of land because of Britain
Laurier Boom
- world market prices rose, gold flowed and investment, Yukon gold was used as capital, rise in industrial also rose the need for raw materials (Canada!), better shipping technology and lower freight rates helped bulky Canadian resources to compete in world markets, new technologies, boom in the electricity industry as well
- forestry (newspapers), mining (nickel, copper), railway expansion, food (agriculture)
- “The Last Best West” Clifford Sifton, Minister of Interior, was in charge of attracting immigrants to come to BC, he used the slogan to attract people to the last of the best land in the west (not a frozen, winter land)
- Attracted immigrants who knew how to farm in Canadian climate
- Sifton had an open-door policy that allowed anyone to immigrate to Canada
- “home children” orphans from Britain who were sent to Canada
- Push Factors (encourages one to leave your home country, ex. poverty, discrimination) and pull factors (encourages one to go to another country, ex. jobs, healthier)
Life
Prairies
- raise $500 to outfit a homestead with basics (other farms, lumber, railway or mining camps)
- first house: mud-covered sod on a wood frame “soddie”
- long bitterly cold winters, natural disasters (drought, hail, grasshoppers)
- life improved as more money was made
Cities
- ghettos were common with settlers that unskilled and spoke little English
- tenenments were crowded cheap buildings with little fresh air, light, sanitation or heat
- most worked as unskilled laborers ($10-15/week)
- everyone worked to survive, no benefits or protection
Railways
- CPR expanded (owners William Mackenzie and Donald Mann)
- Grand Trunk Railroad (expanded coast to coast)
- Outbreak of World War I made railways unprofitable; the gov’t took all railways that didn’t belong to the CPR and made them the Canadian National Railways which was “owned by the people of Canada” (aka taxes paid for it)
Unions
- 1880-1910: labour unions began to be organized; first the ones with unions were just fired and others fired, the gov’t favored the industries boosting the economy, companies hired private companies to take care of strikers
- Dunsmuir Coal: crawling on ones’ hands and knees in the dark, wet tunnels with only the light of a miner’s lamp, long hours for meager wages, hundreds of miners were maimed or killed in frequent explosions, utter disregard to safety, hired strikebreakers and Asians to work during the strike at low wages
- 1910: James Dunsmuir sold his mines to Mackenzie and Mann who continued cutting safety for profits, they striked and rioted in 1912 to 1914, gov’t had to send militia to stop the violence, 179 miners were arrested
Closing the Door to Immigration
- Clifford Sifton was replaced by Frank Oliver in 1905 as Minister of the Interior; they now wanted to reduce the non-white immigrants
- Restrictions started with the Asian immigrants; limits on the Chinese, Japanese and East Indian immigrants
- Chinese were lured with the idea of the “Golden Mountain” where they could go, get rich and go back home rich, instead they didn’t have enough money to go back home and were stuck in Vancouver in “Chinatowns”
- Asiatic Exclusion League: wanted Asians out of BC, rioted, destroyed Chinatown & Japanese section of town
- Lieutenant-Governor James Dunsmuir refused to sign a bill to restrict Japanese, the League rioted & destroyed the areas of town; Laurier had to apologize to the ally Japanese gov’t
- East Indians couldn’t just be restricted since they were British subjects; “Continuous Passage Act” they had to take a continuous passage from their home country to Canada
- In 1914, Gurdit Singh challenged it with sending the Komagata Maru that left Hong Kong on April 4, 1914, stopped in China and Japan and in Vancouver on May 3; only the Canadian residents were allowed to stay the rest were sent back escorted out of Vancouver harbour by the British cruiser Rainbow (July 23)
Rights
Women’s Suffrage
- labor saving devices (innovation) gave women more time and they wanted the right to vote
- Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) supported women’s suffrage because they believed that most women supported prohibition (banning of alcohol)
- Lady Aberdeen founded the National Council of Women of Canada and was the wife of the governor general
- Nellie McClung was a speaker who worked hard for women’s suffrage and prohibition
- Prairies got women’s vote first since women worked hard beside the men and the farms wanted more votes per farm
- In BC, the fight lasted 45 years and went from being beaten badly to winning
Natives
- wanted their land, self-gov’t and based their claim of the Royal Proclamation of 1763; recognized them as Nations/Tribes & their right to own the land they had used and occupied
- assimilation: residential schools (they weren’t allowed to talk in their Native language or practice their customs)
- in BC, they were unique, the remoteness and argument over who was in charge of what in the gov’t allowed them to keep their land longer
- James Douglas with his treaty & many other treaties recognized the Natives’ right to the land
- Royal commission was established to investigate the sizes and location of the reserves, they wanted to cut-off and add some land, they weren’t allowed to cut-off any land without permission from the Natives according to the Indian Act of 1876, the Allied Tribes of BC rejected the proposal and the federal gov’t just passed a law saying they didn’t need to Natives’ permission
- Nisga’a fought over 90 years for their aboriginal title to the land, larger reserves and compensation for any lost land
- In 1910, Laurier told them to go to the British gov’t (Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council) who in turn told them to go back to the Canadian gov’t, Laurier was gone by then and they weren’t heard until the Natives gained power in the gov’t and Native favored bills were being passed, treaty was signed on August 4, 1998, in 1999, the treaty was approved by the Nisga’a and BC legislature, the federal gov’t was supposed to pass it in the House of Commons in the fall of 1999
- It gave them: $200 million in treaty settlement funds, 1930 km square and 18 other reserves, timber outside the reserve, guaranteed share of about 20% of the allowable catch of Nass River Salmon and self-gov’t (as long as they are consistent with Canadian law)
New Inventions
- car: 1901; affected life in every way though not everyone welcomed the frightening and messy (tore up roads) cars, most did though and accepted as part of life
- planes were used as entertainment as well
- telephones were extremely popular, with new features such as wake-up calls, wireless telegrams (especially since it could go overseas), wireless radio helped save the Titanic, moving picture was used as entertainment (at first one-minute films of people doing everyday things)
- sports became popular, George Dixon (boxer), Tommy Burns (heavyweight), Tom Longboat (distance runner), Ned Hanlan (rower)
- culture, Pauline Johnson (poet), Lucy Maude Montgomery (author of Anne of Green Gables), Emily Carr (painter)
- processed foods, Heinz ketchup, 5-cent chocolate bars, soft-drink craze (first used as a medicine
Chapter 8&9
Consumption: use of goods/services
Goods: products made or raw materials (ex. coats, books)
Services: an action (ex. tailoring, teaching)
Scarcity: not enough of a product/service; demand is high, supply not enough
Supply: how much of a product/service there is
Demand: how much a product/service is wanted
Law of Supply and Demand: higher demand, less supply, higher supply, less demand (there is an equilibrium price that has demand and supply equal), people want them to equal to earn the most amount of money
Market: everything has a price and is offered for sale to those who are willing to pay
GDP (Gross Domestic Product): measures total value of all goods and services in an economy
Business year: 4 cycles, 3 months each
Recession: decline of real GDP growth for 2 consecutive quarters
Depression: decline of real GDP growth for 2 or more consecutive quarters & large unemployment
Business Cycle: periods of prosperity, slowdowns, recessions, recoveries, etc…
(draw the cycle)
Sectors: primary (raw materials), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (services), quaternary (ideas, information)
BC’s Economy
- primary resources declined dramatically
- primary manufacturing had a slight rise then fell again
- secondary manufacturing stayed pretty steady
- services had rose dramatically
renewable (trees, fish) and non-renewable (minerals) resources
sustainability: need to keep the land as it is for the future
- clear-cutting vs. selective logging
- protected land, enforced laws for safety and eco concerns
- sustained yield: take as much as what is being put in (cut as many trees as are growing in place of them)
